FINAL REVISION.2

Here you have two documents to revise all the grammar: 

REVISION

B1.TRANSFORMATIONS



FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS TO TRANSFORM THESE SENTENCES: 

1. The last time I saw him was in 2001. (Rewrite starting with “I haven't _________”.

2. It isn't necessary to bring skis as they are included in the package. (rewrite using a modal)

3. Tom said to his wife, "I will be playing tennis when you arrive." (reported speech)

4. “Jack is coming to visit us next weekend.” Mark told his parents. (reported speech)

5. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. (rewrite using might)

6. I think Tom needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. (rewrite using a modal verb)

7. "Why don't we take a holiday?", said Peter. (reported speech with suggested)

8. “Don’t forget the concert starts at 8 o’clock.” Marta told Peter. (reported speech with reminded)

9. She has probably found a new job. (rewrite with a modal verb)

10. They finished the project in time for the presentation. (passive) (future perfect-interrogative)

11. They have given him all the information. (negative-affirmative) (2 passive)

12. Peter wasn't charged with an offense when the police caught him stealing the first time. (active / passive)

13. Can you accompany Sarah to the party? (change to future-interrogative)

14. She wasn't responsible for the accident. (present perfect-interrogative-affirmative)

15. No arrests had been made, and no one had claimed responsibility. (active / passive)

16. A group of eight senators planned to introduce a proposal on Tuesday. (present continuous-negative-interrogative)

17. A quake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale struck near Iran’s border with Pakistan. (present perfect interrogative)  (past simple-interrogative)

18. An amendment to an old treaty between the United States and Mexico will send more water down to restore native habitat and local and migratory wildlife. (passive) (past simple-interrogative)

19. Critics were quick to point out irregularities in the study. (future simple-interrogative) (past perfect-negative) (future simple-negative)

20. Most residents in assisted-living centers suffer from multiple ailments.  (present simple-interrogative) (past simple-negative) (future continuous-affirmative)

21. Supporters of the newly elected Venezuelan president, Nicolás Maduro, are celebrating  victory on the streets of Caracas. (passive) (past simple-interrogative)

22. For decades, the members of Spain’s royal family were treated with profound deference by the public, politicians and the media. (active) (present perfect-interrogative)

23. Thousands of people demonstrated against the monarchy in central Madrid on Sunday. (future continous-interrogative) (past perfect-interrogative)

24. Spanish regional governments gave Iñaki Urdangarín lucrative contracts to organize sports events.  (present perfect-interrogative) (2 passive)

25. The judge in the case also subpoenaed Mr. Urdangarin’s wife, Princess Cristina. (passive) (passive-future simple)

REPORTED SPEECH HOMEWORK

Reported Speech. Statements

1. “I have worked at this company since last month.” / She said …

2. “They are watching TV now.” / She said …

3. “My father drives to work every day.” / He said …

4. “I thought about changing my job last year.” / Alan said …

5. “I’m flying to Chicago tomorrow.” / Susan said …

Reported Speech. Questions 1) Mandy: "Are your children reading this book here?" /Mandy asked me …

2) Jason: "Who gave you this laptop yesterday?" /Jason wanted to know…

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving next Friday?" /Robert wondered…

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?" /Daniel asked me …

5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?" /Jennifer wanted to know…

Reported Speech. Commands

1) He said: ‘Be quiet right now.’ /He urged them…

2)“Don’t open your book while you are doing these tests.” The teacher warned the students./ The teacher warned the students…

RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE SENTENCES

DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Non-defining relative clauses

Look at this sentence.

• My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Look at some more examples.

• The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
• My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
• The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.

Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.

Defining or non-defining?

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.

• I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
• The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but they CAN’T use ‘that’ and the relative pronoun can never be omitted.

• The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.

Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.


Possessive: WHOSE
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known.



SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT? (2)

RELATIVE ADVERBS


Exercise 1

EXERCISE 2

Choose the right pronoun:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.
4. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.

Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences:
5. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
7. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
8. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 3 Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary.

1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966.
2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party.
3. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week.
4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'.
5. Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend.
6. The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.

Exercise 4   Work together to expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can. Feel free to make a funny story!
A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, a old man asked him a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink, caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man.

EXERCISE 5

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining

relative sentences.

1. The woman showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds

90,000 people.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this

town.

9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting

the storm.

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same

company all his life.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested

in astronomy.

15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.

16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.


DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.

PASSIVE: REVISION

TEST 1. CLICK HERE

TEST 2.

Change these sentences from active to passive. Use a personal subject wherever possible.

1 We clean the garages every day.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Someone has given him a lot of money.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 The police arrested two hundred people.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 Paul wrote the words and John made the music.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 We check every car engine thoroughly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 We export this computer to seventy different countries.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 We opened the factory at nine o'clock.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 They send two million books to America every year.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 Did he give you enough sugar?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 No-one has ever taught the pupils to do that exercise.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 John Hughes built the biggest sand castle in the world.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12 They showed me the palace where the king lived.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13 Has anyone ever asked you to tell the story?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14 They watered the plants and swept the floor in my absence.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15 The Scots drink more alcohol than the Irish.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAUSATIVE SENTENCES

 Use in Different Tenses

1-Present Simple               causative form

He paints  his shoes........... He hashadhas hadhis shoes paintpaintedpaints.

2-Present Continuous

He is mending his car.............He hashadis havinghis car mendmendedmending.

3-Past Simple

She watered her garden...........She  hadhas hadwas hadher garden waterwaterswatered.

4-Past Continuous

She  was perming her hair..........She has hadhadwas havingher hair  permed.

5-Future Simple

I will repair the roof.........I will be havingwill havehavethe roof repairedrepairingrepair.

6-Present Perfect

The manager has cleaned the windows.........The manager hadhad hadhas hadthe windowscleannedcleanedclean.

7-Present Perfect Continuous

She has been taking photos……………..She has havinghas been havinghad beenphotostokentakentaked.

8-Past Perfect

You had ironed  your T-shirt....You had hadhadhas hadyour shirt ironedironirons.

9-Past Perfect Continous

He had been decorating  your house...........You have been havinghad been havinghas been having your house  decoratesdecoratedecorated.

10-Modal/Infinitive

He may send the parcel.........You may havehave mayhad the parcel sentsendsended.

11-Future Continuous

I will  be cutting my hair …..I will havingwill have beenwill be havingmy hair  cuttedcutedcut.

Q1 - I'm going ............ at the new hairdresser's

to get my hair cut
to cut my hair

Q2 - She needs to ........

have her car repairs
have her car repaired

Q3 - I really must get ....... the central heating

somebody to fix
somebody fix

Q4 - They ought to have ........ replace the broken windows

somebody to
somebody

Q5 - He ......... while he was away on holiday

had his flat burgled
burgled his flat

Q6 - I .......... my phone repaired after I dropped it

had
had to

Q7 - She didn't have time to get to the shops and .......

get her film developed
develop her film

Q8 - It took ages to get ...........

somebody do it
somebody to do it

Q9 - I'll ....... John to do it when he arrives

get
have

Q10 - She ......... on the underground last week

had her purse stolen
got her purse stolen

Q11 - He .......... tickets sent to his home address yesterday

has had
had

Q12 - You should .......... a long time ago

have it fixed
have had it fixed

Q13 - They couldn't .......... anyone to fix their burst pipes

get
have

Q14 - They had it ....... by the same person who decorated their old house

to do
done

Q15 - After winning a fortune, she ....... her family to do everything for her

gets
has

Q16 - I ......... the house redecorated if I could afford it

would have
would have had

Q17 - He got a friend ........ him at the airport

meet
to meet

Q18 - The teacher ...... him do all the work again

had
got

Q19 - He ....... his bags loaded onto the train by a porter

had
get

Q20 - I had my car ......... a fortnight ago

service
serviced

Q21 - I'm going to have them ____ it

fix
fixed

have something done

Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves. (The first sentence is given as an example.)

1. Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair) .
2. Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car) .
3. Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower) .
4. Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza)  to our home.
5. Last year, (Bob / clean / his house)  by a charwoman.
6. As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts)  by his secretary.
7. (I / pick up / the goods)  tomorrow in the afternoon.
8. (we / redecorate / our walls)  last summer.
9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags)  into her room.
10. (we / organise / our last party)  by professionals.

Fill the gaps with have and the verb in brackets in their correct forms.

1	We ___________ the roof ___________ last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)
2	Anne ___________ her hair ___________ every Friday afternoon. (do)
3	I ___________ the brakes ___________ three times a year. (check)
4	The government ___________ the whole town ___________ yesterday. (evacuate)
5	I ___________ my hard drive ___________ for a bigger one last week. (change)
6	When did you last ___________ the airconditioning ___________ ? (service)
7	You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should ___________ your eyes ___________ . (test)
8	After the plague of fleas, the boss ___________ the office ___________ . (disinfect)
9	Your cat's coughing. You need to ___________ him ___________ for parasites. (treat)
10	Daphne ___________ her legs ___________ once a fortnight. (do)
11	I normally ___________ my suit dry ___________ before a wedding. (clean)
12	The headmaster ___________ all the lockers ___________ for the missing footballs yesterday. (search)
13	Have you ___________ your house ___________ ? (double-glaze)
14	Have you ___________ that poster I bought you ___________ yet? (frame)
15	The house is in chaos. We're ___________ a new kitchen ___________ in. (put)

CAUSATIVE FORM

In English, the causative form is used when we don't do something ourselves, instead we arrange for someone else to do it for us.

The boy is getting his hair cut

There are two verbs generally used in the passive causative form; they are Have and Get. In addition, there is usually no agent in this form; it's not like in active form which has the agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it. The difference between have and get in this passive causative form is that have is more formal than get. 

I have my teeth cleaned
once a year 

Pattern

Subject

Have/Get

Object

Past Participle

Examples:

• I ask someone to fix my car.
  = I have my car fixed.

• She asked John to wash the plate.
  = She got the plate washed.

Write the correct response, changing the ACTIVE sentences into PASSIVE CAUSATIVE FORM sentences: 
EX: Jim is sendind the letter. --> Jim is having the letter sent. 


1. My mother changed the curtains. --> 

2. Thomas is going to wash the car. --> 

3. Maria has redesigned the web site. --> 

4. Kelly will take Mr. Brown to the beach. --> 

5. John brought the cat to the vet. --> 

6. Jane is putting the vase on the table. --> 

7. We were driving Mr. Jones to the airport. --> 

8. We fed the dog. --> 

9. We have given the money to the homeless shelter. --> 

10. Thomas cut his hair. -->

PASSIVE 1

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-passive-voice-exercise2.html

NOW TRY TO CHANGE FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE:

1. They were interviewing her for the job. 
She ________________ for the job.

2. Tom is writing the letter. 
The letter ________________ by Tom.


3. Everyone understands English. 
English ________________ by everyone.
  

4. The employees brought up this issue during the meeting. 
This issue ________________ by the employees during the meeting.
  

5. The professor told him not to talk in class. 
He ________________ by the professor not to talk in class. 
  

6. They say that women are smarter than men. 
Women ________________ to be smarter than men.
  

7. The fire has destroyed the house. 
The house ________________ by the fire. 
  

8. She would have told you. 
You ________________ by her. 
  

9. She would reject the offer. 
The offer ________________ by her.
  

10. This surprises me. 
I ________________ by this.


http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-passive-voice-exercise3.html


1. They passed me up for that position. 
I ________________ for that position.
  

2. By tomorrow, I will have bought the car. 
By tomorrow, the car ________________ by me.
  
3. John bought the Picasso painting. 
The Picasso painting ________________ by John.
  
4. Most students misunderstand this story. 
This story ________________ by most students.
  
5. My brother carried the groceries into the room. 
The groceries ________________ by my brother into the room. 
  
6. Juan is preparing the enchiladas. 
The enchiladas ________________ by Juan.
  
7. His brother was telling him to calm down. 
He ________________ to calm down by his brother. 
  
8. A dog bit me. 
I ________________ by a dog. 

9. The movers have delivered the furniture. 
The furniture ________________ by the movers.
  
10. This city will surprise you. 
You ________________ by this city.
  

FOR MORE PRACTICE:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

ARE DOGS "MAN'S BEST FRIENDS"?

http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/29617/pets/dogs_are_our_best_friends_and_with_good_reason.html

Dogs Are Our Best Friends and with Good Reason Why are there so many dog lovers out there ? Dogs share our lives in a way that most other animals can't, and they're so commonplace that it's easy to take their faithful companionship for granted. The purpose of this article is to remind us of why we love dogs so much, to spare a few minutes and to spare a few words in praise of "man's best friend," the dog. Dogs are friendly and they love human companionship. Whose ego would not be gratified at the sight of a happy dog who can't wait to greet you at the end of a hard day ? Your dog waits for you by the door, face smiling, mouth open and tail wagging, ready to dote on you, his best friend in the world. Dogs are loyal and, as pack animals, they respond to the presence of a leader - you ! Dogs are eager to please you in any way they can. When you're feeling blue your dog will remain by your side silently comforting you. When you're happy and excited, your dog will leap about you and share in your joy. Dogs are playful. They love physical activity such as going for walks, fetching sticks, leaping into ponds, and racing wildly to and fro. Dogs will join you for a jog or for a day in the park or even for an exhuberant game of frisbee. Yet dogs can also be soft and cuddly and ready at anytime for a loving pat and a reassuring hug. They're affectionate and they're soothing to stroke, plus most dogs can also remain calm when necessary and be tolerant of small children who don't yet know how to be quiet or to behave gently around animals. Dogs can be trained so that they can easily cohabitate with us in our human-built dwellings. They can also be trusted to act appropriately around other people and in public. Dogs can learn to save nature's call for outdoor walks, to walk on a leash when on public roads where cars lurk, and to sit and to stay whenever and whereever necessary. The family dog is as much a part of daily life within a home as is any human household member. Our dogs are always there for us, day and night, sharing in every activity from breakfast time through a cozy evening spent watching TV. They can share both our indoor and many of our local outdoor activities, but that's not all. Dogs also play a big part in family life even when the family isn't at home. They can readily go places with us in cars, everywhere from a romp in the local park to a family vacation. Because they can travel with us, they can be a part of our lives in a way that most other companion animals can't. As dogs can participate in many of our most unusual experiences and outdoor adventures, they become forever associated with many of our most treasured memories. Dogs, in all of their various shapes and sizes, are also beautiful animals to admire and to look at. From their big beautiful eyes and lovely faces, to their soft, sleek, shiny coats, to the tips of their joyfully wagging tails, dogs are a pleasure to behold. With so many different breeds to choose from, everyone can choose the dog whose appearance most appeals to them, whether large or small, short or long-muzzled, short-haired or long-haired or curly or straight-haired, with a muscular build or a slim build, with an elegant face or a comical face, and in any number of colors. Each family can adopt the perfect dog to suit their taste and lifestyle by considering factors such as a dog's size and temperment. Does the family have a large fenced yard where a big dog can romp in safety, or a cramped apartment suitable for small dogs only ? Can the family pet care budget support a large dog with a large appetite ? Are there lots of flower beds that might be dug up and ruined by a breed such as a terrier ? Are there children in the house who require an extra gentle dog who'll tolerate the uninformed tail-pulling of a pre-schooler or the roughhousing of a ten year old ? Does the family have the time available to give a dog all the love, attention, exercise and play that he deserves, or will he be alone all day ? How about two dogs to keep each other company when the human members of the family aren't around ? Perhaps a loveable mutt or two would be the ideal choices ! The local dog shelter is likely to be harboring many abandoned dogs who are sad and lonely and desperately in need of a second chance to find true happiness with a loving family. Dogs give us the best of themselves: their love, loyalty, unconditional acceptance and affection, playfulness and companionship. In return, we owe them our best and the best care that we can give them, including a healthy, well-balanced diet, constant access to clean water and shelter from the hot sun or extreme cold, regular brushing and other grooming, ongoing veterinary care, plus annual vaccinations. Dogs should also be spayed or neutered, so that they do not contribute to the tragedy of the pet overpopulation problem. A safe environment is, of course, a must. Indoors, be sure that cleaning products, medications, houseplants and other potential poisons are kept safely out of reach. Upper floor windows need secure grills or screens if they are to be opened. Heavy objects must not be left where they might fall on and injure dogs. Outdoor yards need secure fences if there are roads with cars nearby. (Please don't chain dogs outside and deny them their freedom of movement.) Antifreeze and other poisons mustn't be allowed to leak where any animals might have access to them and try to drink them. A leash should be used for walks where traffic poses a threat to safety. Don't skimp on daily exercise and provide lots of opportunities to run around and play but, if a little dog has short legs, remember to slow down and not force him to overwork his little legs in trying to keep up with your larger stride. Don't force dogs to hurry past every tree when out for a walk, either. Sometimes dogs just need to sniff, so don't rush them too much. Above all else, dogs deserve gentle handling and an abundance of our time and attention. Love can make a dog's world go round as much as love makes our world go round. When we give our love freely to our dogs, we receive their love in return. Dogs can truly be man's and woman's and children's best friends, and we should feel honored to be theirs, as well.