RELATIVES, PREPOSITIONS, FORMAL AND INFORMAL

		http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv286.shtml preposition + relative pronoun A wide range of prepositions are often used in prepositional structures with relative pronouns who and which to introduce relative clauses. In most cases, the prepositions retain their original meaning. Compare the following: That post marks the beginning of the mined area, beyond which it is inadvisable to go. In the clearing lay the badly injured soldier, above whom birds of prey were circling. We passed a giant toadstool in the forest, under which fairies were sitting. They had collected the sap from the sugar maple trees, from which maple syrup is manufactured. Before us we could see a forest orchid of which there are many varieties. An Austrian naturalist, with whom I worked closely in the Eighties, discovered this particular orchid. Note that when the relative pronoun is placed immediately after the preposition we can't use who instead of whom, and we can't use that or zero pronoun either.

position of prepositions Note that in questions the preposition is more frequently placed at the end of the clause. It can also be placed before the relative pronoun where it sounds more formal: In which street does he live? Which street does he live in? He lives in the street where all the houses are surrounded by high fences. He lives in the street in which the houses are surrounded by high fences For which organisation does he work? Which organisation does he work for? He works for a spy network, about which I know nothing. He works for a spy network (which) I know nothing about. Note from examples above and below that putting the preposition at the end of the clause is usually also possible in statements: The people with whom he worked have all been arrested. (Formal) The people (who) he worked with have all been arrested. (Informal) This is the bedroom in which he was murdered. (Formal) This is the bedroom (that) he was murdered in. (Informal) Note from these examples, that in statements when the preposition is placed at the end of the clause, we can use that instead of who or which or we can omit the relative pronoun completely!

WRITING PREPARATION

1         Es un hecho conocido que…	It is a well-known fact that
2         Otro aspecto clave que recordar es…	Another key aspect to remember
3         Debemos también tener en cuenta que…	We should also consider that /take into account
4         …eso sin mencionar las altas tasas de desempleo en nuestro país	Not to mention the high unemployment rates in our country
5         Dicho esto,	Having said that,
6         A pesar de esto,	Despite this,
7         Según algunas investigaciones,	According to some investigations
8         Otros investigadores creen que…	Other reseachers  believe that…
9         Para dar un ejemplo de lo que quiero decir,	To give an example about what I mean
10     Este es el argumento más convincente para apoyar esta opinión	This is the most convincing/compelling argument to support this opinion
11     El ciberacoso puede provocar mucho sufrimiento a los adolescentes	Cyberbullying can cause lot of suffering in teenagers
12     Como resultado,	As a result,
13     Además de mejorar la salud, hacer deporte tiene efectos positivos sobre nuestro estado de ánimo.	Apart from improving health, practising sport has positive effects on our mood
14     Pasar tiempo en el extranjero no solo ayuda a los estudiantes a mejorar sus habilidades lingüísticas sino que también transforma su manera de ver el mundo	Spending time abroad not only helps  students improve their abilities, but also changes the way they  see the world
15     Parece, por tanto, que desconectar nuestros aparatos electrónicos puede tener muchos efectos positivos	It seems, therefore, that disconnecting our electronic devices can have many positive effects

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.):

They’re the people who/that want to buy our house.

Here are some cells which/that have been affected.

They should give the money to somebody who/that they think needs the treatment most.

The actress now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.

         This is the town where I studied my university degree.

         The day when/that the concert takes place is Saturday.
       
         This is the reason why I didn't invite him to the party.
 

We often leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the verb:

They’re the people she met at Jon’s party.

Here are some cells the researcher has identified.

The relative pronoun cannot be omitted when it it the subject of the verb:

            This is the boy who/that helped us with our luggage.  

            This is the boy who/that we meet at the party.
 

Non-defining relative clauses

Look at this sentence.

• My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Look at some more examples.

• The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
• My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
• The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.

Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.

Defining or non-defining?

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.

• I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
• The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but they CAN’T use ‘that’ and the relative pronoun can never be omitted.

• The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
• The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday

Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.


Possessive: WHOSE
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known.



SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?

RELATIVE ADVERBS

RELATIVE TEST


Exercise 1

EXERCISE 2

Choose the right pronoun:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.
4. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.

Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences:
5. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers.
6. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals.
7. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions.
8. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. 

Exercise 3
Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary. Omit the relative pronoun when it is possible.

1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966.
2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party.
3. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week.
4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'.
5. Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend.
6. The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.

Exercise 4   Work together to expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can. Feel free to make a funny story!
A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, a old man asked him a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink, caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man.

EXERCISE 5

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining

relative sentences.

1. The woman showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds

90,000 people.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this

town.

9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting

the storm.

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same

company all his life.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested

in astronomy.

15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.

16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.


DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.